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Kirche. --- Konstantinopel (Patriarchat). --- Russland --- Russland. --- Kirche.

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Constantinople --- Empire latin de Constantinople --- Konstantinopel --- Latijnsch Keizerrijk van Konstantinopel --- 9 (495.02) " 1204 : 1272 "

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Canon law --- Kerkrecht. --- Oecumenisch Patriarchaat van Constantinopel. --- Patriarchs and patriarchate. --- Orthodox Eastern Church. --- Konstantinopel .

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The church history is the most important and extensive work of Nikephoros Kallistu Xanthopulos, who lived from about 1274 to after 1326 and also wrote numerous other, mostly religious writings. Xanthopulos worked on the project from at least 1309 to the mid-1320s before abandoning it for unknown reasons. Of the at least 25 books planned, only the first 18 have been completed and survived, describing the time of Jesus Christ up to around the year 600. The Church History is the only surviving work of its kind from the middle and late Byzantine period. As the dedicatory preface to Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328) and some comments in the text show, it is of a strictly orthodox, any understanding with the Western Church from a standpoint, written. The work draws on early church historians such as Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomenos and Evagrios, cites the older texts they contain and adds new material, mainly from chronicles and hagiographical writings. The history of the church has only been handed down almost completely in a codex in the Austrian National Library (Vindob. hist. gr. 8). Through its Latin translation by Johannes Langus, published in 1553, the work had a great influence on the reception of early church history in Western Europe. The first edition of the Greek text did not appear in Paris until 1630 and was later reprinted many times together with the Latin translation.

Ostkirche --- Konstantinopel --- Byzanz --- Kirchengeschichte --- Christentum --- Christus --- Byzantinistik --- Mediävistik --- Theologie --- Kulturgeschichte --- Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae --- CFHB --- Albrecht Berger --- Church history

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Science in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Istanbul, Harun Küçük argues, was without leisure, a phenomenon spurred by the hyperinflation a century earlier when scientific texts all but disappeared from the college curriculum and inflation reduced the wages of professors to one-tenth of what they were in the sixteenth century. It was during this tumultuous period that philosophy and theory, the more leisurely aspects of naturalism - and the pursuit of "knowledge for knowledge's sake" - vanished altogether from the city. But rather than put an end to science in Istanbul, this economic crisis was transformative, turning science into a practical matter, into something one learned through apprenticeship and provided as a service. In 'Science without Leisure', Küçük reveals how Ottoman science, when measured against familiar narratives of the Scientific Revolution, was remarkably far less scholastic and philosophical and far more cosmopolitan and practical. His book explains why as practical naturalists deployed natural knowledge to lucrative ends without regard for scientific theories, science in the Ottoman Empire over the long term ultimately became the domain of physicians, bureaucrats, and engineers rather than of scholars and philosophers.--

Science --- Naturalism. --- Sciences --- Naturalisme. --- History. --- Histoire. --- 1600-1699 --- Istanbul (Turkey) --- İstanbul (Turquie) --- Turkey --- Konstantinopel --- Osmanisches Reich --- History --- Histoire